Gefilte Fish

גֶּפִילְטֶע פִיש

PolandAshkenaziPassover Pareve 105 min 10 servings Hard
Gefilte Fish

Gefilte fish — Yiddish for 'filled fish' — began as a German recipe for stuffed pike documented in a non-Jewish cookbook over 700 years ago. Eastern European Jews transformed the concept into standalone poached fish patties from ground carp, pike, and whitefish — a practical adaptation that pre-ground the fish before Shabbat, when deboning is forbidden. As documented by NPR, the famous 'Gefilte Fish Line' divided Polish Jews (who made it sweet) from Lithuanian Jews (who made it peppered and savory), creating a uniquely Jewish culinary geography.

Ingredients

  • 700g ground carp or a mix (350g carp + 350g pike or whitefish)
  • 2 medium onions — 1 finely diced, 1 sliced for broth
  • 2 large eggs
  • 2 tablespoons matzo meal
  • 1.5 teaspoons kosher salt
  • 1 teaspoon white pepper
  • 1–2 tablespoons sugar (Polish sweet style; omit for Lithuanian peppered style)
  • 2 large carrots — 1 grated for the fish, 1 sliced for the broth
  • Fish heads and bones for poaching broth
  • 2 litres water
  • Salt and pepper for broth

Instructions

  1. 1

    BROTH: Combine fish bones and heads, 2 litres water, 1 sliced onion, 1 sliced carrot, salt, and pepper in a wide pot. Bring to a boil, skim foam, reduce to a simmer.

  2. 2

    FISH MIXTURE: Combine ground fish, finely diced onion, grated carrot, eggs, matzo meal, salt, white pepper, and sugar (if using). Mix thoroughly.

  3. 3

    Wet your hands. Shape the fish mixture into oval patties about 7cm long and 4cm wide.

  4. 4

    Gently lower the fish patties into the simmering broth. They should be half-submerged.

  5. 5

    Cover partially and simmer over low heat for 45–60 minutes. The patties will expand and firm up.

  6. 6

    Remove from heat. Let cool in the broth. Transfer patties and cooked carrot rounds to a serving platter.

  7. 7

    Strain and reduce the broth by half. Pour over the fish patties. Refrigerate overnight — broth will set to a light jelly.

  8. 8

    Serve cold or at room temperature with cooked carrot on top and white or red horseradish (chrain) on the side.

Kosher notes

Pareve — fish is pareve in halacha. Many Ashkenazic authorities advise not mixing fish and meat on the same plate. Serve as a first course before the meat. Chrain condiment is also pareve.

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Global Jewish Kitchen — recipes are labeled meat, dairy, or pareve. We are not a kashrut agency. Customs differ. Ask your rabbi.